In 1520, Martin Luther debated Catholic theologian Johann Eck in Leipzig—and lost. After the debate, the pope threatened Luther with excommunication. He responded by writing this address to the German nobility, urging them to consider his reforms for the church. He argues that the Catholic church abuses undue power, and asks, “If we rightly hang thieves and behead robbers, why do we leave the greed of Rome unpunished?”